The Linux super user, or root user, is a special user that has tremendous power, with the ability to access and modify all files on the operating system. This is necessary at times, but there is a potential for accidental errors to cause a great deal of destruction, so you have to be careful. (Like Spiderman says, with great power comes great responsibility.) Fot the times when the super user’s power is necessary, we’ll look at safer ways to be the super user on your Linux dedicated server.
Super User and Sudo
A really important feature of Linux is privileges. It’s part of the security, and controls which users can access, manipulate or even be aware of what files. Logged in with the user account we’ve created will allow safe usage of the operating system, but there are times when the privileges of the root, or super user are required.
There are two ways to access super user privileges. The first is with the su command.
$ su –
If you enter this command, and note the hyphen, then you will be prompted for the root user’s password. Enter it correctly, and you will be logged in as the super user. You can then perform what tasks you need to, but with care! When you’ve finished, log out immediately using the exit command.
The second way to get super user privileges is to use sudo. This is a method by which a regular user can gain a temporary privilege boost. It takes a little setting up, but once done it is probably safer than the su command method.
First, log in to your server. Then, log in as root using the su command. Then, enter the following.
$ visudo
This will open up a text file that contains information for sudo. A little way down the file you’ll see the following text.
# User privilege specification
root ALL=(ALL) ALL
You need to add yourself to the file in order to get your privileges. To do this, you need to do a little editing. Use the arrow keys to move the cursor to this line, then press i on the keyboard. You’re now editing the file, so enter the following line:
YourUserName ALL=(ALL) ALL
Of course substitute your user name for YourUserName, then press escape, and type ZZ (capital Z twice). This will save the file, and that’s it. If you’ve done it right, you can now use sudo. To test this, log out as the root user (type exit, hit return), then try the following.
$ ls /root
You should receive an error message telling you that permission is denied. So, try it with sudo.
$ sudo ls /root
Now you will be asked for a password. Enter your own password at this point (not the root password) and hey presto, you’ll be presented with a listing of the root user’s directory. So, any time that you wish to do something that requires root user privileges, remember that you can use the sudo command, saving you from logging in as the root user.
Logging out
To log out of your ssh session, and so your server, at any time, type:
$ exit
If you are logged in as the super user having used the su command, remember that you may need to type this twice.
Now we know how to log in and out we want to do something constructive with the server, but before we get to the commands we should take a look at the Linux directory structure.
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- Managing and Operating a Dedicated Server Over the Internet Using Online Control Panels
- Accessing the Linux Operating System on Dedicated Servers with PuTTY or SSH
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- Using Sudo for Super User Access to Root Privileges in Linux
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