pctechguide.com

Frequency Modulation

The first widespread technology to be used in sound cards was Frequency Modulation, or FM, which was developed in the early 1970s by Dr John Chowning of Stanford University. FM synthesisers produce sound by generating a pure sine wave, known as a carrier, and mix it with a second waveform, known as a modulator. When the two waveforms are close in frequency, a complex waveform is produced. By controlling both the carrier and the modulator its possible to create different timbres, or instruments.

Each FM voice requires a minimum of two signal generators, commonly referred to as operators. Different FM synthesis implementations have varying degrees of control over the operator parameters. Sophisticated FM systems may use 4 or 6 operators per voice, and the operators may have adjustable envelopes which allow adjustment of the attack and decay rates of the signal.

Yamaha was the first company to research and invest in Chowning’s theory, which led to the development of the legendary DX7 synthesiser. Yamaha soon realised that mixing a wider range of carriers and modulators made it possible to create more complex timbres, resulting in more realistic sounding instruments. Their OPL3 synthesiser hardware is the de facto standard for games cards, and uses parameters downloaded from the driver software to control cascaded FM oscillators to generate a crude analogue of acoustic and electronic musical instruments.

Although FM systems were implemented in the analogue domain on early synthesiser keyboards, more recent FM synthesis implementations are done digitally. FM synthesis techniques are very useful for creating expressive new synthesised sounds. However, if the goal of the synthesis system is to recreate the sound of some existing instrument, this can generally be done more accurately with digital sample-based techniques, such as WaveTable Synthesis.

Filed Under: Sound Cards

Latest Articles

How to Disable Find Fast Indexer?

If you attempt to disable the Find Fast control panel by simply removing the Microsoft Find Fast shortcut from the StartUp group, the following problems may occur: The index files are not removed from the hard disk. The size of these index files depends on the number and size of Microsoft … [Read More...]

Kill Running Process on Computer

Method #1: There are many ways to kill an active process, and in this article we will examine some of the most common and effective approaches to achieve this task. When deciding to end a process, especially during a time when your system is compromised with a malware infection, be sure that you are … [Read More...]

Keep Your Employees Working During a Disaster

Any business owner has probably heard of preparing for a disaster when it comes to IT. They probably know about backups and keeping data safe. They may even know about disaster recovery and making sure there is a fall back site to place the data. But, there is one area that is often neglected. What … [Read More...]

Guides

Recent Posts