pctechguide.com

  • Home
  • Guides
  • Tutorials
  • Articles
  • Reviews
  • Glossary
  • Contact

CD-ROM Digital Audio

On vinyl and audio cassettes, the audio waveform is recorded as an analogue signal. Therefore any imperfections will be heard as noise (hiss) or other defects. To reduce these defects, CDs use digital techniques, storing samples as numbers. The process of converting analogue to digital is known as digitising or sampling. The analogue waveform is chopped into a number of slices per second. At each slice, the amplitude is measured and rounded to the nearest available value. Clearly the more chops per second (sampling rate) and the finer the values assignable to the amplitude (dynamic range), the better the representation of the original.

CD digital employs a sampling rate of 44.1kHz and a 16-bit dynamic range. That is, 44,100 chops every second, each one describing the waveform amplitude at that moment in time with a 16-bit number; 16-bit itself offering 65,536 steps from which to choose. This sampling rate provides a frequency response adequate for sounds up to 20kHz in pitch – although some audiophiles argue that it isn’t sufficient to capture essential psychoacoustic effects that occur beyond the range of human hearing. Conventional wisdom holds that 16-bits provides ample dynamic range for loud and soft musical passages. The audio is recorded on two tracks, for stereo sound.

A 44.1kHz rate means there are 44,100 chops every second, each one describing the waveform amplitude at that moment in time with a 16-bit number; 16-bit itself offering 65,536 steps from which to choose. With samples occupying two bytes on each of two channels – each sample yields a data transfer rate of just over 176 KBps. A single-speed CD-ROM transfers data at the same rate, but a portion of the data stream is taken by error-correcting information – reducing the effective transfer rate to 150 KBps. A CD can hold up to 74 minutes of encoded stereo audio data – which, when the ECC overhead is taken account of, equates to the standard CD capacity of 680MB.

The table below summarises the relevant parameters:

Parameter Value
Sample rate 44.1kHz
Channels 2 (stereo)
Bits per sample, per channel 16
Levels per sample 65,536
Total data rate 176 KBps
Effective data rate 150 KBps
Effective CD capacity 680MB
CD playing time 74 minutes
  • CD-ROM Red Book
  • CD-ROM Yellow Book
  • CD-ROM XA
  • CD-ROM Green Book
  • CD-ROM Orange Book
  • CD-ROM White Book
  • CD-ROM Blue Book
  • CD-ROM Purple Book
  • CD-ROM CD-I Bridge
  • CD-ROM Photo CD
  • CD-ROM File Systems
  • CD-ROM Manufacturing
  • CD-ROM The Disc
  • CD-ROM Operations
  • CD-ROM Digital Audio
  • CD-ROM CLV
  • CD-ROM CAV
  • CD-ROM Applications
  • CD-ROM Interfaces
  • CD-ROM DMA vs. PIO Mode
  • CD-ROM TrueX Technology

Filed Under: CD-ROM

Latest Articles

Environmental Issues

Unfortunately, the technology used in laser printers makes ozone an inherent by-product of the printing process. The level of emission depends on where and how a printer is kept. Areas with large concentrations of dust, small enclosed … [Read More...]

AMD’s Mobile Duron technology guide

Until 2001 all of AMD's mobile CPUs had been based on the K6 design. The company's Athlon/Duron family of processors had already succeeded in gaining market share from Intel in the desktop arena, in the performance and value sectors … [Read More...]

Windows Virtual Security

Windows Virtual Security Welcome to another of our virus removal guides. This article will go over how to remove Windows Virtual Security. Infections of this type aren't generally dangerous, but they can make using your computer unnecessarily difficult. Usually, infections of this type are simply … [Read More...]

Why Cross-Chain Trading Is the Future of Crypto Investing?

The rapid growth and evolution of the cryptocurrency market have opened up exciting opportunities for investors. Within this dynamic landscape, … [Read More...]

Revolutionize Your Internet Experience with Orbi 960 – The Ultimate WiFi System

In a world where seamless connectivity is essential, slow and unreliable internet connections are a major problem. Whether you are running a business, … [Read More...]

Do You Need a VPN When Trading Cryptocurrency?

There’s no doubt that the biggest global industries in 2023 are tech-driven, while there remains a significant crossover between many of these … [Read More...]

Goodbye Bitcoin: the 3 alternative cryptocurrencies that have great upside potential, according to experts

Bitcoin has been a very lucrative investment for people that got into it early. One report from The Motley Fool pointed out that $10 of bitcoin … [Read More...]

Self-driving cars face their Achilles’ heel and may be targets of hackers

The market for self-driving cars is booming. Customers spent $22.22 billion on these autonomous vehicles in 2021 and they will likely spend more in … [Read More...]

How to avoid scams with bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies

Cryptocurrencies got a bad reputation when scams multiplied like ants on a piece of cake. Even today many people associate bitcoin and other … [Read More...]

Guides

  • Computer Communications
  • Mobile Computing
  • PC Components
  • PC Data Storage
  • PC Input-Output
  • PC Multimedia
  • Processors (CPUs)

Recent Posts

Motherboard Memory Identification

Your motherboard User's Manual will give a clue as to what type of memory you need to use. However, such is the complexity and variation of memory … [Read More...]

TCO Monitor Standards

In 1995, TCO modified the requirements for visual ergonomics and added a range of conditions to cover environmental … [Read More...]

Five applications of artificial intelligence in agriculture

Machine learning has affected many industries and agriculture is no exception. In this post, we are going to analyze the advantages of its … [Read More...]

[footer_backtotop]

Copyright © 2023 About | Privacy | Contact Information | Wrtie For Us | Disclaimer | Copyright License | Authors